What counts as science? Popper / Gould

• Falsifiability
• Observable world
• Testable
• Verifiable / Repeatable
• Predictive

Evolution

• Well supported
• predictive?

Pseudoscience Historical science

• Stems from medicine - notoriously unregulated until the mid-late 1800s
  • 1847 AMA formed
  • 1876 Assoc. of American Medical College
  • 1910 Flexner Report (Carnegie) - many schools closed
• Phrenology
  • Homeopathy Science vs Rigorous academic research vs pseudoscience Current-day use may be problematic

Undetermined - "Proto-Science"

• Emerging & still experimental
• As yet scientifically inconclusive
• Scientifically debated
• Lacking scientific evidence

Negative Side - "Pseudoscience"

• Scientifically unfounded claims
• Factually baseless claims
• Misinformation
• Fabrication
• Fraud (suspected or proven)